Trade also leads to higher GDP, better and more choices of products for consumers, an increase in competition in the domestic market leads to competitive prices which are good for consumers,
the competition also leads to better quality in goods and services and reduces unemployment and poverty. Thus, this leads to growth and maturing of a countries economy as a whole and also the businesses involved.
Trade also leads to some problems that are not that obvious at the onset of trade. Even though trade tends to increase employment in one nation it may lead to job cuts in another.
As businesses shift manufacturing for instance from richer nations to third world or developing nations, they take advantage of the cheap labor, weaker labor policies, weaker environmental policies, and support of the governments in these countries.
They are able to recruit more and thus produce more for less. But this leads to job cuts in the parent rich nations.
Trade also leads to job cuts in the developing and third world countries due to competition with multinationals from developed nations and also due to exposure to automation and modernization.
Many businesses cannot put up with high productivity and competitive pricing of stronger businesses from richer nations and thus finally may lead to closing down of weaker businesses and unemployment in the face of competition.
But we also have to realize that employment also increases through the new businesses from the richer nations. Overall there is a potential increase in employment.
There is a problem of increasing income inequalities in China. As the business houses tend to take advantage of weaker policies in labor and environment, there will be environmental pollution leading to health and environmental complications;
further labor discrimination leading to weaker social well-being. Businesses particularly also need to realize that protection of Intellectual property rights may not be recognized or understood or at least weak in some of the nations thus, leading to piracy, copyright violations, patents violations, product copies, etc.
This may well erode the competitive advantage and the brand image of businesses.
The above comments on international trade can be closely associated with international trade involving China. China has become the manufacturing hub of the world.
A substantial part of the economy of China depends on international trade. The advantages it gives for other countries to set up manufacturing plants in China is its strong government support for FDI,
Infrastructure development, cheap labor, weak environment, and labor laws, new strong market reach which includes China, India, Japan, Russia, Korea,
Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, etc, access to cheap Chinese supplier base, thus larger sales and profits, seasonality of product supply and demand can be managed (one can always sell the product in China and the markets close to it if the demand is lower in North America or Europe).
The US has profited considerably through trade with China. Sales of products from the US have grown in popularity in China boosting US multinationals (Expanded trade with China has, in fact, been a blessing for the large U.S.
multinationals like Boeing, Caterpillar, and Cargill, which had trumpeted the prospect of a massive Chinese market for American products and services.
China is the world’s fastest growing market for commercial aviation and needs billions of dollars worth of airplanes from Boeing. Its growing infrastructure has been a boon for companies like Caterpillar, which produces tractors and other heavy equipment.
And it is importing billions of dollars worth of farm products, a boon to companies like Cargill. Last year, China bought $2.9 billion worth of soybeans – the top U.S. export crop to China. China also has proven to be a growing market for U.S.-made fertilizer and chemicals.).
China’s benefits were as follows: its economy has been growing at a very rapid rate (for instance, China’s economy grew at an average rate of 10% per year during the period 1990-2004, the highest growth rate in the world.),
the resulting increase in business activity drastically reduced poverty (China has been credited for greatly lowering the percentage of East Asian population living in poverty in a recent World Bank report – from 80% to 18% in a span of 20 years), created employment
(Foreign investment remains a strong element in China’s rapid expansion in world trade and has been an important factor in the growth of urban jobs.), saw a large growth in cities (population: 30% urban in 1950,
estimated 60% urban in 2030, 19 mega-cities > 10 million, 22 cities with 5 with 10 million, 370 cities with 1 to 5 million, 440 cities with 0.5 to 1 million), increased the technology and business exposure of domestic firms and the countries technological expertise
(China has acquired some highly sophisticated production facilities through trade and also has built a number of advanced engineering plants capable of manufacturing an increasing range of sophisticated equipment, including nuclear weapons and satellites.)
making the firms and the country more competitive, increasing the variety of products available to the consumers, domestic manufacturers matured and increased competition in the local market (e.g. Shanghai motors), prices became competitive, Chinese suppliers matured enough to support the big multinationals
(e.g. Toyota, GM) in Japan and China, trade has helped the Chinese government earn huge revenues due to trade that helps to increase investment in public welfare and social infrastructure, thus increasing the overall well being of China, China is also exporting and importing to and from many countries respectively thus,
it is able to manage seasonality in the supply and demand of the products involved by diverting exports (Cheap Chinese goods export to South Asian, and South East Asian markets) and switching sources of imports
(Crude oil from African (e.g. Chad and Darfur), South America (e.g. Venezuela) and Middle-east (e.g. Iran) countries) as and when required, in the process China is also able to reduce dependence on any single country.
Chinese exports is around $1216 billion (2007) to countries as US 21.0%, EU 18.1%, Hong Kong 17.0%, Japan 12.4%, ASEAN 7.2%, South Korea 4.7% (2004) while its imports is around $953.9 billion (2007) from Japan 16.8%, EU 12.4%, ASEAN 11.2%, South Korea 11.1%, US 7.9%, Russia 2.2% (2004).
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